rCore-Tutorial-v3

rCore-Tutorial version 3.5. See the Documentation in Chinese.

rCore-Tutorial API Docs. See the API Docs of Ten OSes

If you don’t know Rust Language and try to learn it, please visit Rust Learning Resources

Official QQ group number: 735045051

news

25/01/2022: Version 3.6.0 is on the way! Now we directly update the code on chX branches, please periodically check if there are any updates.

Overview

This project aims to show how to write an Unix-like OS running on RISC-V platforms from scratch in Rust for beginners without any background knowledge about computer architectures, assembly languages or operating systems.

Features

Platform supported: qemu-system-riscv64 simulator or dev boards based on Kendryte K210 SoC such as Maix Dock
OS
- concurrency of multiple processes each of which contains mutiple native threads
- preemptive scheduling(Round-Robin algorithm)
- dynamic memory management in kernel
- virtual memory
- a simple file system with a block cache
- an interactive shell in the userspace
only 4K+ LoC
A detailed documentation in Chinese in spite of the lack of comments in the code(English version is not available at present)

Prerequisites

Install Rust

See official guide.

Install some tools:

$ rustup target add riscv64gc-unknown-none-elf
$ cargo install cargo-binutils --vers =0.3.3
$ rustup component add llvm-tools-preview
$ rustup component add rust-src

Install Qemu

Here we manually compile and install Qemu 5.0.0. For example, on Ubuntu 18.04:

# install dependency packages
$ sudo apt install autoconf automake autotools-dev curl libmpc-dev libmpfr-dev libgmp-dev \
              gawk build-essential bison flex texinfo gperf libtool patchutils bc \
              zlib1g-dev libexpat-dev pkg-config  libglib2.0-dev libpixman-1-dev git tmux python3 python3-pip
# download Qemu source code
$ wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-5.0.0.tar.xz
# extract to qemu-5.0.0/
$ tar xvJf qemu-5.0.0.tar.xz
$ cd qemu-5.0.0
# build
$ ./configure --target-list=riscv64-softmmu,riscv64-linux-user
$ make -j$(nproc)

Then, add following contents to ~/.bashrc(please adjust these paths according to your environment):

export PATH=$PATH:/home/shinbokuow/Downloads/built/qemu-5.0.0
export PATH=$PATH:/home/shinbokuow/Downloads/built/qemu-5.0.0/riscv64-softmmu
export PATH=$PATH:/home/shinbokuow/Downloads/built/qemu-5.0.0/riscv64-linux-user

Finally, update the current shell:

$ source ~/.bashrc

Now we can check the version of Qemu:

$ qemu-system-riscv64 --version
QEMU emulator version 5.0.0
Copyright (c) 2003-2020 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers

Install RISC-V GNU Embedded Toolchain(including GDB)

Download the compressed file according to your platform From Sifive website(Ctrl+F ‘toolchain’).

Extract it and append the location of the ‘bin’ directory under its root directory to $PATH.

For example, we can check the version of GDB:

$ riscv64-unknown-elf-gdb --version
GNU gdb (SiFive GDB-Metal 10.1.0-2020.12.7) 10.1
Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Install serial tools(Optional, if you want to run on K210)

$ pip3 install pyserial
$ sudo apt install python3-serial

Run our project

Qemu

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git
$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os
$ make run

After outputing some debug messages, the kernel lists all the applications available and enter the user shell:

/**** APPS ****
mpsc_sem
usertests
pipetest
forktest2
cat
initproc
race_adder_loop
threads_arg
race_adder_mutex_spin
race_adder_mutex_blocking
forktree
user_shell
huge_write
race_adder
race_adder_atomic
threads
stack_overflow
filetest_simple
forktest_simple
cmdline_args
run_pipe_test
forktest
matrix
exit
fantastic_text
sleep_simple
yield
hello_world
pipe_large_test
sleep
phil_din_mutex
**************/
Rust user shell
>>

You can run any application except for initproc and user_shell itself. To run an application, just input its filename and hit enter. usertests can run a bunch of applications, thus it is recommended.

Type Ctrl+a then x to exit Qemu.

K210

Before chapter 6, you do not need a SD card:

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git
$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os
$ make run BOARD=k210

From chapter 6, before running the kernel, we should insert a SD card into PC and manually write the filesystem image to it:

$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os
$ make sdcard

By default it will overwrite the device /dev/sdb which is the SD card, but you can provide another location. For example, make sdcard SDCARD=/dev/sdc.

After that, remove the SD card from PC and insert it to the slot of K210. Connect the K210 to PC and then:

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git
$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os
$ make run BOARD=k210

Type Ctrl+] to disconnect from K210.

Show runtime debug info of OS kernel version

The branch of ch9-log contains a lot of debug info. You could try to run rcore tutorial for understand the internal behavior of os kernel.

$ git clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore-Tutorial-v3.git
$ cd rCore-Tutorial-v3/os
$ git checkout ch9-log
$ make run
......
[rustsbi] RustSBI version 0.2.0-alpha.10, adapting to RISC-V SBI v0.3
.______       __    __      _______.___________.  _______..______   __
|   _  \     |  |  |  |    /       |           | /       ||   _  \ |  |
|  |_)  |    |  |  |  |   |   (----`---|  |----`|   (----`|  |_)  ||  |
|      /     |  |  |  |    \   \       |  |      \   \    |   _  < |  |
|  |\  \----.|  `--'  |.----)   |      |  |  .----)   |   |  |_)  ||  |
| _| `._____| \______/ |_______/       |__|  |_______/    |______/ |__|

[rustsbi] Implementation: RustSBI-QEMU Version 0.0.2
[rustsbi-dtb] Hart count: cluster0 with 1 cores
[rustsbi] misa: RV64ACDFIMSU
[rustsbi] mideleg: ssoft, stimer, sext (0x222)
[rustsbi] medeleg: ima, ia, bkpt, la, sa, uecall, ipage, lpage, spage (0xb1ab)
[rustsbi] pmp0: 0x10000000 ..= 0x10001fff (rw-)
[rustsbi] pmp1: 0x2000000 ..= 0x200ffff (rw-)
[rustsbi] pmp2: 0xc000000 ..= 0xc3fffff (rw-)
[rustsbi] pmp3: 0x80000000 ..= 0x8fffffff (rwx)
[rustsbi] enter supervisor 0x80200000
[KERN] rust_main() begin
[KERN] clear_bss() begin
[KERN] clear_bss() end
[KERN] mm::init() begin
[KERN] mm::init_heap() begin
[KERN] mm::init_heap() end
[KERN] mm::init_frame_allocator() begin
[KERN] mm::frame_allocator::lazy_static!FRAME_ALLOCATOR begin
......

Rustdoc

Currently it can only help you view the code since only a tiny part of the code has been documented.

You can open a doc html of os using cargo doc --no-deps --open under os directory.

OS-API-DOCS

The API Docs for Ten OS

Working in progress

Our first release 3.5.0 (chapter 1-7) has been published.

There will be 9 chapters in our next release 3.6.0, where 2 new chapters will be added:

chapter 8: synchronization on a uniprocessor
chapter 9: I/O devices

Current version is 3.6.0-alpha.1 and we are still working on it.

Here are the updates since 3.5.0:

Completed

automatically clean up and rebuild before running our project on a different platform
fix power series application in early chapters, now you can find modulus in the output
use UPSafeCell instead of RefCell or spin::Mutex in order to access static data structures and adjust its API so that it cannot be borrowed twice at a time(mention & .exclusive_access().task[0] in run_first_task)
move TaskContext into TaskControlBlock instead of restoring it in place on kernel stack(since ch3), eliminating annoying task_cx_ptr2
replace llvm_asm! with asm!
expand the fs image size generated by rcore-fs-fuse to 128MiB
add a new test named huge_write which evaluates the fs performance(qemu~500KiB/s k210~50KiB/s)
flush all block cache to disk after a fs transaction which involves write operation
replace spin::Mutex with UPSafeCell before SMP chapter
add codes for a new chapter about synchronization & mutual exclusion(uniprocessor only)
bug fix: we should call find_pte rather than find_pte_create in PageTable::unmap
clarify: “check validity of level-3 pte in find_pte instead of checking it outside this function” should not be a bug
code of chapter 8: synchronization on a uniprocessor
switch the code of chapter 6 and chapter 7
support signal mechanism in chapter 7/8(only works for apps with a single thread)
Add boards/ directory and support rustdoc, for example you can use cargo doc --no-deps --open to view the documentation of a crate

Todo(High priority)

review documentation, current progress: 5/9
support user-level sync primitives in chapter 8
code of chapter 9: device drivers based on interrupts, including UART and block devices
use old fs image optionally, do not always rebuild the image
add new system calls: getdents64/fstat
shell functionality improvement(to be continued…)
give every non-zero process exit code an unique and clear error type
effective error handling of mm module

Todo(Low priority)

rewrite practice doc and remove some inproper questions
provide smooth debug experience at a Rust source code level
format the code using official tools

Crates

We will add them later.