• [2025.02.05]🎯📢Our team has released VideoRAG understanding extremely long-context videos.
• [2025.01.13]🎯📢Our team has released MiniRAG making RAG simpler with small models.
• [2025.01.06]🎯📢You can now use PostgreSQL for Storage.
• [2024.12.31]🎯📢LightRAG now supports deletion by document ID.
• [2024.11.25]🎯📢LightRAG now supports seamless integration of custom knowledge graphs, empowering users to enhance the system with their own domain expertise.
• [2024.11.19]🎯📢A comprehensive guide to LightRAG is now available on LearnOpenCV. Many thanks to the blog author.
• [2024.11.12]🎯📢LightRAG now supports Oracle Database 23ai for all storage types (KV, vector, and graph).
• [2024.11.11]🎯📢LightRAG now supports deleting entities by their names.
• [2024.11.09]🎯📢Introducing the LightRAG Gui, which allows you to insert, query, visualize, and download LightRAG knowledge.
• [2024.11.04]🎯📢You can now use Neo4J for Storage.
• [2024.10.29]🎯📢LightRAG now supports multiple file types, including PDF, DOC, PPT, and CSV via textract.
• [2024.10.20]🎯📢We’ve added a new feature to LightRAG: Graph Visualization.
• [2024.10.18]🎯📢We’ve added a link to a LightRAG Introduction Video. Thanks to the author!
• [2024.10.17]🎯📢We have created a Discord channel! Welcome to join for sharing and discussions! 🎉🎉
• [2024.10.16]🎯📢LightRAG now supports Ollama models!
• [2024.10.15]🎯📢LightRAG now supports Hugging Face models!

Figure 1: LightRAG Indexing Flowchart - Img Caption : Source Figure 2: LightRAG Retrieval and Querying Flowchart - Img Caption : Source

• LightRAG also supports Open AI-like chat/embeddings APIs: ```python async def llm_model_func( prompt, system_prompt=None, history_messages=[], keyword_extraction=False, **kwargs ) -> str: return await openai_complete_if_cache(

    "solar-mini",
    prompt,
    system_prompt=system_prompt,
    history_messages=history_messages,
    api_key=os.getenv("UPSTAGE_API_KEY"),
    base_url="https://api.upstage.ai/v1/solar",
    **kwargs

  )

async def embedding_func(texts: list[str]) -> np.ndarray: return await openai_embed( texts, model=”solar-embedding-1-large-query”, api_key=os.getenv(“UPSTAGE_API_KEY”), base_url=”https://api.upstage.ai/v1/solar" )

rag = LightRAG( working_dir=WORKING_DIR, llm_model_func=llm_model_func, embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc( embedding_dim=4096, max_token_size=8192, func=embedding_func ) )

</details>

<details>
<summary> <b>Using Hugging Face Models</b> </summary>

* If you want to use Hugging Face models, you only need to set LightRAG as follows:

See `lightrag_hf_demo.py`

```python
from lightrag.llm import hf_model_complete, hf_embed
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer
from lightrag.utils import EmbeddingFunc

# Initialize LightRAG with Hugging Face model
rag = LightRAG(
    working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
    llm_model_func=hf_model_complete,  # Use Hugging Face model for text generation
    llm_model_name='meta-llama/Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct',  # Model name from Hugging Face
    # Use Hugging Face embedding function
    embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(
        embedding_dim=384,
        max_token_size=5000,
        func=lambda texts: hf_embed(
            texts,
            tokenizer=AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"),
            embed_model=AutoModel.from_pretrained("sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
        )
    ),
)

Overview

If you want to use Ollama models, you need to pull model you plan to use and embedding model, for example nomic-embed-text.

Then you only need to set LightRAG as follows:

from lightrag.llm.ollama import ollama_model_complete, ollama_embed
from lightrag.utils import EmbeddingFunc

# Initialize LightRAG with Ollama model
rag = LightRAG(
    working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
    llm_model_func=ollama_model_complete,  # Use Ollama model for text generation
    llm_model_name='your_model_name', # Your model name
    # Use Ollama embedding function
    embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(
        embedding_dim=768,
        max_token_size=8192,
        func=lambda texts: ollama_embed(
            texts,
            embed_model="nomic-embed-text"
        )
    ),
)

Increasing context size

In order for LightRAG to work context should be at least 32k tokens. By default Ollama models have context size of 8k. You can achieve this using one of two ways:

Increasing the num_ctx parameter in Modelfile.

1. Pull the model:

   ollama pull qwen2

2. Display the model file:

   ollama show --modelfile qwen2 > Modelfile

3. Edit the Modelfile by adding the following line:

   PARAMETER num_ctx 32768

4. Create the modified model:

   ollama create -f Modelfile qwen2m

Setup num_ctx via Ollama API.

Tiy can use llm_model_kwargs param to configure ollama:

rag = LightRAG(
    working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
    llm_model_func=ollama_model_complete,  # Use Ollama model for text generation
    llm_model_name='your_model_name', # Your model name
    llm_model_kwargs={"options": {"num_ctx": 32768}},
    # Use Ollama embedding function
    embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(
        embedding_dim=768,
        max_token_size=8192,
        func=lambda texts: ollama_embedding(
            texts,
            embed_model="nomic-embed-text"
        )
    ),
)

Low RAM GPUs

In order to run this experiment on low RAM GPU you should select small model and tune context window (increasing context increase memory consumption). For example, running this ollama example on repurposed mining GPU with 6Gb of RAM required to set context size to 26k while using gemma2:2b. It was able to find 197 entities and 19 relations on book.txt.

LightRAG supports integration with LlamaIndex.

1. LlamaIndex (llm/llama_index_impl.py):
   • Integrates with OpenAI and other providers through LlamaIndex
   • See LlamaIndex Documentation for detailed setup and examples

Example Usage

# Using LlamaIndex with direct OpenAI access
from lightrag import LightRAG
from lightrag.llm.llama_index_impl import llama_index_complete_if_cache, llama_index_embed
from llama_index.embeddings.openai import OpenAIEmbedding
from llama_index.llms.openai import OpenAI

rag = LightRAG(
    working_dir="your/path",
    llm_model_func=llama_index_complete_if_cache,  # LlamaIndex-compatible completion function
    embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(    # LlamaIndex-compatible embedding function
        embedding_dim=1536,
        max_token_size=8192,
        func=lambda texts: llama_index_embed(texts, embed_model=embed_model)
    ),
)

For detailed documentation and examples, see:

• LlamaIndex Documentation
• Direct OpenAI Example
• LiteLLM Proxy Example

LightRAG now supports multi-turn dialogue through the conversation history feature. Here’s how to use it:

from lightrag import LightRAG, QueryParam

# Initialize LightRAG
rag = LightRAG(working_dir=WORKING_DIR)

# Create conversation history
conversation_history = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "What is the main character's attitude towards Christmas?"},
    {"role": "assistant", "content": "At the beginning of the story, Ebenezer Scrooge has a very negative attitude towards Christmas..."},
    {"role": "user", "content": "How does his attitude change?"}
]

# Create query parameters with conversation history
query_param = QueryParam(
    mode="mix",  # or any other mode: "local", "global", "hybrid"
    conversation_history=conversation_history,  # Add the conversation history
    history_turns=3  # Number of recent conversation turns to consider
)

# Make a query that takes into account the conversation history
response = rag.query(
    "What causes this change in his character?",
    param=query_param
)

LightRAG now supports custom prompts for fine-tuned control over the system’s behavior. Here’s how to use it:

from lightrag import LightRAG, QueryParam

# Initialize LightRAG
rag = LightRAG(working_dir=WORKING_DIR)

# Create query parameters
query_param = QueryParam(
    mode="hybrid",  # or other mode: "local", "global", "hybrid", "mix" and "naive"
)

# Example 1: Using the default system prompt
response_default = rag.query(
    "What are the primary benefits of renewable energy?",
    param=query_param
)
print(response_default)

# Example 2: Using a custom prompt
custom_prompt = """
You are an expert assistant in environmental science. Provide detailed and structured answers with examples.
---Conversation History---
{history}

---Knowledge Base---
{context_data}

---Response Rules---

- Target format and length: {response_type}
"""
response_custom = rag.query(
    "What are the primary benefits of renewable energy?",
    param=query_param,
    system_prompt=custom_prompt  # Pass the custom prompt
)
print(response_custom)

We’ve introduced a new function query_with_separate_keyword_extraction to enhance the keyword extraction capabilities. This function separates the keyword extraction process from the user’s prompt, focusing solely on the query to improve the relevance of extracted keywords.

How It Works?

The function operates by dividing the input into two parts:

• User Query
• Prompt

It then performs keyword extraction exclusively on the user query. This separation ensures that the extraction process is focused and relevant, unaffected by any additional language in the prompt. It also allows the prompt to serve purely for response formatting, maintaining the intent and clarity of the user’s original question.

Usage Example

This example shows how to tailor the function for educational content, focusing on detailed explanations for older students.

rag.query_with_separate_keyword_extraction(
    query="Explain the law of gravity",
    prompt="Provide a detailed explanation suitable for high school students studying physics.",
    param=QueryParam(mode="hybrid")
)

rag = LightRAG(
     working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
     llm_model_func=llm_model_func,
     embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(
          embedding_dim=embedding_dimension,
          max_token_size=8192,
          func=embedding_func,
     ),
)

custom_kg = {
    "entities": [
        {
            "entity_name": "CompanyA",
            "entity_type": "Organization",
            "description": "A major technology company",
            "source_id": "Source1"
        },
        {
            "entity_name": "ProductX",
            "entity_type": "Product",
            "description": "A popular product developed by CompanyA",
            "source_id": "Source1"
        }
    ],
    "relationships": [
        {
            "src_id": "CompanyA",
            "tgt_id": "ProductX",
            "description": "CompanyA develops ProductX",
            "keywords": "develop, produce",
            "weight": 1.0,
            "source_id": "Source1"
        }
    ],
    "chunks": [
        {
            "content": "ProductX, developed by CompanyA, has revolutionized the market with its cutting-edge features.",
            "source_id": "Source1",
        },
        {
            "content": "PersonA is a prominent researcher at UniversityB, focusing on artificial intelligence and machine learning.",
            "source_id": "Source2",
        },
        {
            "content": "None",
            "source_id": "UNKNOWN",
        },
    ],
}

rag.insert_custom_kg(custom_kg)

# Basic Batch Insert: Insert multiple texts at once
rag.insert(["TEXT1", "TEXT2",...])

# Batch Insert with custom batch size configuration
rag = LightRAG(
    working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
    addon_params={
        "insert_batch_size": 20  # Process 20 documents per batch
    }
)
rag.insert(["TEXT1", "TEXT2", "TEXT3", ...])  # Documents will be processed in batches of 20

The insert_batch_size parameter in addon_params controls how many documents are processed in each batch during insertion. This is useful for:

• Managing memory usage with large document collections
• Optimizing processing speed
• Providing better progress tracking
• Default value is 10 if not specified

If you want to provide your own IDs for your documents, number of documents and number of IDs must be the same.

# Insert single text, and provide ID for it
rag.insert("TEXT1", ids=["ID_FOR_TEXT1"])

# Insert multiple texts, and provide IDs for them
rag.insert(["TEXT1", "TEXT2",...], ids=["ID_FOR_TEXT1", "ID_FOR_TEXT2"])

# Incremental Insert: Insert new documents into an existing LightRAG instance
rag = LightRAG(
     working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
     llm_model_func=llm_model_func,
     embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(
          embedding_dim=embedding_dimension,
          max_token_size=8192,
          func=embedding_func,
     ),
)

with open("./newText.txt") as f:
    rag.insert(f.read())

The apipeline_enqueue_documents and apipeline_process_enqueue_documents functions allow you to perform incremental insertion of documents into the graph.

This is useful for scenarios where you want to process documents in the background while still allowing the main thread to continue executing.

And using a routine to process news documents.

rag = LightRAG(..)
await rag.apipeline_enqueue_documents(input)
# Your routine in loop
await rag.apipeline_process_enqueue_documents(input)

The textract supports reading file types such as TXT, DOCX, PPTX, CSV, and PDF.

import textract

file_path = 'TEXT.pdf'
text_content = textract.process(file_path)

rag.insert(text_content.decode('utf-8'))

• For production level scenarios you will most likely want to leverage an enterprise solution
• for KG storage. Running Neo4J in Docker is recommended for seamless local testing.
• See: https://hub.docker.com/_/neo4j

export NEO4J_URI="neo4j://localhost:7687"
export NEO4J_USERNAME="neo4j"
export NEO4J_PASSWORD="password"

# When you launch the project be sure to override the default KG: NetworkX
# by specifying kg="Neo4JStorage".

# Note: Default settings use NetworkX
# Initialize LightRAG with Neo4J implementation.
WORKING_DIR = "./local_neo4jWorkDir"

rag = LightRAG(
    working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
    llm_model_func=gpt_4o_mini_complete,  # Use gpt_4o_mini_complete LLM model
    graph_storage="Neo4JStorage", #<-----------override KG default
    log_level="DEBUG"  #<-----------override log_level default
)

see test_neo4j.py for a working example.

For production level scenarios you will most likely want to leverage an enterprise solution. PostgreSQL can provide a one-stop solution for you as KV store, VectorDB (pgvector) and GraphDB (apache AGE).

• PostgreSQL is lightweight,the whole binary distribution including all necessary plugins can be zipped to 40MB: Ref to Windows Release as it is easy to install for Linux/Mac.

• If you prefer docker, please start with this image if you are a beginner to avoid hiccups (DO read the overview): https://hub.docker.com/r/shangor/postgres-for-rag

• How to start? Ref to: examples/lightrag_zhipu_postgres_demo.py

• Create index for AGE example: (Change below dickens to your graph name if necessary)

  load 'age';
  SET search_path = ag_catalog, "$user", public;
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY entity_p_idx ON dickens."Entity" (id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY vertex_p_idx ON dickens."_ag_label_vertex" (id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_p_idx ON dickens."DIRECTED" (id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_eid_idx ON dickens."DIRECTED" (end_id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_sid_idx ON dickens."DIRECTED" (start_id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY directed_seid_idx ON dickens."DIRECTED" (start_id,end_id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_p_idx ON dickens."_ag_label_edge" (id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_sid_idx ON dickens."_ag_label_edge" (start_id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_eid_idx ON dickens."_ag_label_edge" (end_id);
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY edge_seid_idx ON dickens."_ag_label_edge" (start_id,end_id);
  create INDEX CONCURRENTLY vertex_idx_node_id ON dickens."_ag_label_vertex" (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(properties, '"node_id"'::agtype));
  create INDEX CONCURRENTLY entity_idx_node_id ON dickens."Entity" (ag_catalog.agtype_access_operator(properties, '"node_id"'::agtype));
  CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY entity_node_id_gin_idx ON dickens."Entity" using gin(properties);
  ALTER TABLE dickens."DIRECTED" CLUSTER ON directed_sid_idx;
  
  -- drop if necessary
  drop INDEX entity_p_idx;
  drop INDEX vertex_p_idx;
  drop INDEX directed_p_idx;
  drop INDEX directed_eid_idx;
  drop INDEX directed_sid_idx;
  drop INDEX directed_seid_idx;
  drop INDEX edge_p_idx;
  drop INDEX edge_sid_idx;
  drop INDEX edge_eid_idx;
  drop INDEX edge_seid_idx;
  drop INDEX vertex_idx_node_id;
  drop INDEX entity_idx_node_id;
  drop INDEX entity_node_id_gin_idx;

• Known issue of the Apache AGE: The released versions got below issue:

  You might find that the properties of the nodes/edges are empty. It is a known issue of the release version: https://github.com/apache/age/pull/1721

  You can Compile the AGE from source code and fix it.

• Install the required dependencies:

  pip install faiss-cpu

  You can also install faiss-gpu if you have GPU support.

• Here we are using sentence-transformers but you can also use OpenAIEmbedding model with 3072 dimensions.

async def embedding_func(texts: list[str]) -> np.ndarray:
    model = SentenceTransformer('all-MiniLM-L6-v2')
    embeddings = model.encode(texts, convert_to_numpy=True)
    return embeddings

# Initialize LightRAG with the LLM model function and embedding function
    rag = LightRAG(
        working_dir=WORKING_DIR,
        llm_model_func=llm_model_func,
        embedding_func=EmbeddingFunc(
            embedding_dim=384,
            max_token_size=8192,
            func=embedding_func,
        ),
        vector_storage="FaissVectorDBStorage",
        vector_db_storage_cls_kwargs={
            "cosine_better_than_threshold": 0.3  # Your desired threshold
        }
    )

You can clear the LLM response cache with different modes:

# Clear all cache
await rag.aclear_cache()

# Clear local mode cache
await rag.aclear_cache(modes=["local"])

# Clear extraction cache
await rag.aclear_cache(modes=["default"])

# Clear multiple modes
await rag.aclear_cache(modes=["local", "global", "hybrid"])

# Synchronous version
rag.clear_cache(modes=["local"])

Valid modes are:

• "default": Extraction cache
• "naive": Naive search cache
• "local": Local search cache
• "global": Global search cache
• "hybrid": Hybrid search cache
• "mix": Mix search cache

The API includes comprehensive error handling:

• File not found errors (404)
• Processing errors (500)
• Supports multiple file encodings (UTF-8 and GBK)

• The following code can be found in examples/graph_visual_with_html.py

import networkx as nx
from pyvis.network import Network

# Load the GraphML file
G = nx.read_graphml('./dickens/graph_chunk_entity_relation.graphml')

# Create a Pyvis network
net = Network(notebook=True)

# Convert NetworkX graph to Pyvis network
net.from_nx(G)

# Save and display the network
net.show('knowledge_graph.html')

• The following code can be found in examples/graph_visual_with_neo4j.py

import os
import json
from lightrag.utils import xml_to_json
from neo4j import GraphDatabase

# Constants
WORKING_DIR = "./dickens"
BATCH_SIZE_NODES = 500
BATCH_SIZE_EDGES = 100

# Neo4j connection credentials
NEO4J_URI = "bolt://localhost:7687"
NEO4J_USERNAME = "neo4j"
NEO4J_PASSWORD = "your_password"

def convert_xml_to_json(xml_path, output_path):
    """Converts XML file to JSON and saves the output."""
    if not os.path.exists(xml_path):
        print(f"Error: File not found - {xml_path}")
        return None

    json_data = xml_to_json(xml_path)
    if json_data:
        with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            json.dump(json_data, f, ensure_ascii=False, indent=2)
        print(f"JSON file created: {output_path}")
        return json_data
    else:
        print("Failed to create JSON data")
        return None

def process_in_batches(tx, query, data, batch_size):
    """Process data in batches and execute the given query."""
    for i in range(0, len(data), batch_size):
        batch = data[i:i + batch_size]
        tx.run(query, {"nodes": batch} if "nodes" in query else {"edges": batch})

def main():
    # Paths
    xml_file = os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, 'graph_chunk_entity_relation.graphml')
    json_file = os.path.join(WORKING_DIR, 'graph_data.json')

    # Convert XML to JSON
    json_data = convert_xml_to_json(xml_file, json_file)
    if json_data is None:
        return

    # Load nodes and edges
    nodes = json_data.get('nodes', [])
    edges = json_data.get('edges', [])

    # Neo4j queries
    create_nodes_query = """
    UNWIND $nodes AS node
    MERGE (e:Entity {id: node.id})
    SET e.entity_type = node.entity_type,
        e.description = node.description,
        e.source_id = node.source_id,
        e.displayName = node.id
    REMOVE e:Entity
    WITH e, node
    CALL apoc.create.addLabels(e, [node.entity_type]) YIELD node AS labeledNode
    RETURN count(*)
    """

    create_edges_query = """
    UNWIND $edges AS edge
    MATCH (source {id: edge.source})
    MATCH (target {id: edge.target})
    WITH source, target, edge,
         CASE
            WHEN edge.keywords CONTAINS 'lead' THEN 'lead'
            WHEN edge.keywords CONTAINS 'participate' THEN 'participate'
            WHEN edge.keywords CONTAINS 'uses' THEN 'uses'
            WHEN edge.keywords CONTAINS 'located' THEN 'located'
            WHEN edge.keywords CONTAINS 'occurs' THEN 'occurs'
           ELSE REPLACE(SPLIT(edge.keywords, ',')[0], '\"', '')
         END AS relType
    CALL apoc.create.relationship(source, relType, {
      weight: edge.weight,
      description: edge.description,
      keywords: edge.keywords,
      source_id: edge.source_id
    }, target) YIELD rel
    RETURN count(*)
    """

    set_displayname_and_labels_query = """
    MATCH (n)
    SET n.displayName = n.id
    WITH n
    CALL apoc.create.setLabels(n, [n.entity_type]) YIELD node
    RETURN count(*)
    """

    # Create a Neo4j driver
    driver = GraphDatabase.driver(NEO4J_URI, auth=(NEO4J_USERNAME, NEO4J_PASSWORD))

    try:
        # Execute queries in batches
        with driver.session() as session:
            # Insert nodes in batches
            session.execute_write(process_in_batches, create_nodes_query, nodes, BATCH_SIZE_NODES)

            # Insert edges in batches
            session.execute_write(process_in_batches, create_edges_query, edges, BATCH_SIZE_EDGES)

            # Set displayName and labels
            session.run(set_displayname_and_labels_query)

    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error occurred: {e}")

    finally:
        driver.close()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

LightRag can be installed with Tools support to add extra tools like the graphml 3d visualizer.

LightRag Visualizer

Given the following description of a dataset:

{description}

Please identify 5 potential users who would engage with this dataset. For each user, list 5 tasks they would perform with this dataset. Then, for each (user, task) combination, generate 5 questions that require a high-level understanding of the entire dataset.

Output the results in the following structure:
- User 1: [user description]
    - Task 1: [task description]
        - Question 1:
        - Question 2:
        - Question 3:
        - Question 4:
        - Question 5:
    - Task 2: [task description]
        ...
    - Task 5: [task description]
- User 2: [user description]
    ...
- User 5: [user description]
    ...

---Role---
You are an expert tasked with evaluating two answers to the same question based on three criteria: **Comprehensiveness**, **Diversity**, and **Empowerment**.
---Goal---
You will evaluate two answers to the same question based on three criteria: **Comprehensiveness**, **Diversity**, and **Empowerment**.

- **Comprehensiveness**: How much detail does the answer provide to cover all aspects and details of the question?
- **Diversity**: How varied and rich is the answer in providing different perspectives and insights on the question?
- **Empowerment**: How well does the answer help the reader understand and make informed judgments about the topic?

For each criterion, choose the better answer (either Answer 1 or Answer 2) and explain why. Then, select an overall winner based on these three categories.

Here is the question:
{query}

Here are the two answers:

**Answer 1:**
{answer1}

**Answer 2:**
{answer2}

Evaluate both answers using the three criteria listed above and provide detailed explanations for each criterion.

Output your evaluation in the following JSON format:

{{
    "Comprehensiveness": {{
        "Winner": "[Answer 1 or Answer 2]",
        "Explanation": "[Provide explanation here]"
    }},
    "Empowerment": {{
        "Winner": "[Answer 1 or Answer 2]",
        "Explanation": "[Provide explanation here]"
    }},
    "Overall Winner": {{
        "Winner": "[Answer 1 or Answer 2]",
        "Explanation": "[Summarize why this answer is the overall winner based on the three criteria]"
    }}
}}

def extract_unique_contexts(input_directory, output_directory):

    os.makedirs(output_directory, exist_ok=True)

    jsonl_files = glob.glob(os.path.join(input_directory, '*.jsonl'))
    print(f"Found {len(jsonl_files)} JSONL files.")

    for file_path in jsonl_files:
        filename = os.path.basename(file_path)
        name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
        output_filename = f"{name}_unique_contexts.json"
        output_path = os.path.join(output_directory, output_filename)

        unique_contexts_dict = {}

        print(f"Processing file: {filename}")

        try:
            with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as infile:
                for line_number, line in enumerate(infile, start=1):
                    line = line.strip()
                    if not line:
                        continue
                    try:
                        json_obj = json.loads(line)
                        context = json_obj.get('context')
                        if context and context not in unique_contexts_dict:
                            unique_contexts_dict[context] = None
                    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
                        print(f"JSON decoding error in file {filename} at line {line_number}: {e}")
        except FileNotFoundError:
            print(f"File not found: {filename}")
            continue
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"An error occurred while processing file {filename}: {e}")
            continue

        unique_contexts_list = list(unique_contexts_dict.keys())
        print(f"There are {len(unique_contexts_list)} unique `context` entries in the file {filename}.")

        try:
            with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as outfile:
                json.dump(unique_contexts_list, outfile, ensure_ascii=False, indent=4)
            print(f"Unique `context` entries have been saved to: {output_filename}")
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"An error occurred while saving to the file {output_filename}: {e}")

    print("All files have been processed.")

def insert_text(rag, file_path):
    with open(file_path, mode='r') as f:
        unique_contexts = json.load(f)

    retries = 0
    max_retries = 3
    while retries < max_retries:
        try:
            rag.insert(unique_contexts)
            break
        except Exception as e:
            retries += 1
            print(f"Insertion failed, retrying ({retries}/{max_retries}), error: {e}")
            time.sleep(10)
    if retries == max_retries:
        print("Insertion failed after exceeding the maximum number of retries")

tokenizer = GPT2Tokenizer.from_pretrained('gpt2')

def get_summary(context, tot_tokens=2000):
    tokens = tokenizer.tokenize(context)
    half_tokens = tot_tokens // 2

    start_tokens = tokens[1000:1000 + half_tokens]
    end_tokens = tokens[-(1000 + half_tokens):1000]

    summary_tokens = start_tokens + end_tokens
    summary = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string(summary_tokens)

    return summary

def extract_queries(file_path):
    with open(file_path, 'r') as f:
        data = f.read()

    data = data.replace('**', '')

    queries = re.findall(r'- Question \d+: (.+)', data)

    return queries